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R has several operators to perform tasks including arithmetic, logical and bitwise operations. In this article, you will learn about different R operators with the help of examples.

To Generate Row number to the dataframe in R we will be using seq.int function. Seq.int function along with nrow is used to generate row number to the dataframe in R. We can also use rownumber function to generate row index. We will also focus on generating row numbers by group with an example.

R has many operators to carry out different mathematical and logical operations.

Operators in R can mainly be classified into the following categories.

R Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to carry out mathematical operations like addition and multiplication. Here is a list of arithmetic operators available in R.

An example run

R Relational Operators

Relational operators are used to compare between values. Here is a list of relational operators available in R.

An example run

Operation on Vectors

The above mentioned operators work on vectors. The variables used above were in fact single element vectors.

We can use the function c() (as in concatenate) to make vectors in R.

All operations are carried out in element-wise fashion. Here is an example.

When there is a mismatch in length (number of elements) of operand vectors, the elements in shorter one is recycled in a cyclic manner to match the length of the longer one.

R will issue a warning if the length of the longer vector is not an integral multiple of the shorter vector.

R Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to carry out Boolean operations like AND, OR etc.

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Operators & and | perform element-wise operation producing result having length of the longer operand.

But && and || examines only the first element of the operands resulting into a single length logical vector.

Zero is considered FALSE and non-zero numbers are taken as TRUE. An example run.

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R Assignment Operators

These operators are used to assign values to variables.

The operators <- and = can be used, almost interchangeably, to assign to variable in the same environment.

The <<- operator is used for assigning to variables in the parent environments (more like global assignments). The rightward assignments, although available are rarely used.

Check out these examples to learn more:

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The original view of oxidation and reduction is that of adding or removing oxygen . An alternative approach is to describe oxidation as the loss of hydrogen and reduction as the gaining of hydrogen. This has an advantage in describing the burning of methane.

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With this approach it is clear that the carbon is oxidized (loses all four hydrogens) and that part of the oxygen is reduced (gains hydrogen). Another reaction where the hydrogen approach makes things clearer is the passing of methanol over a hot copper gauze to form formaldehyde and hydrogen gas (Hill and Kolb):

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Both carbon-containing molecules have the same oxygen content, but the formation of the formaldehyde is seen to be oxidation because hydrogens are lost. The formation of H₂ is a reduction process as the two released hydrogens get together.

The formation of methanol from reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen combines oxidation and reduction in the single molecular product.

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The CO is reduced because it gains hydrogen, and the hydrogen is oxidized by its association with the oxygen.